Criminal Procedure Outline

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Professor Henderson – Fall 2013
 
·         Two Competing Concerns in Criminal Procedure:
o   (1) Legitimate concern with crime
§  Desire give police ample opportunity to investigate crime to stop them before they happen or at least arrest people after the commit a crime and bring them to justice)
§  What criminals do to our life, liberty and property
o   (2) Fear of government abuse
§  Concern of government overreaching its authority
§  Too much power to intrude on our liberty
·         State v. Federal
o   Jurisdiction:
§  Federal Legislature: Only over those which it has jurisdiction over under the Constitutional. As long as the crime is reasonable related to Congress’ power over one of these areas, crime falls within Congress’ authority. Main source of congressional authority supporting the creation of federal crimes are: Commerce, naturalization, bankruptcy, counterfeiting, military, tax/revenue, and customs
§  States: Can punish all crimes committed within their boundaries unless the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction (which happens where the crime is punishable by federal statute and concurrent state jurisdiction is expressly excluded by the statute. Typically there is concurrent jurisdiction where an act is defined as a crime under both federal and state law.
§  Consequence: Most criminal cases occur in state courts, and involve only violations of state law. Thus, other than criminal procedure rules that are dictated by the federal Constitution, most criminal cases are conducted under the criminal procedure rules imposed by the states, not rules imposed
o   Statutory Interpretation:
§  States are free to add additional protection in their own constitution’s statute. Further, free to interpret the provisions of state constitutions more liberally than the comparable federal guarantees. However, when states are interpreting meaning of federal constitutional guarantee that applies to the states (via Bill of Rights), state must interpret the guarantee in same manner as the federal courts.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1.     Introduction
a.      4th Amdt: Search/Seizure/PC & Warrant Requirement/Exclusionary Rule
                                                              i.      The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be searched
b.     5th Amdt: Compelled Self-Incrimination/Miranda/RTS/Double Jeopardy
                                                              i.      No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself
c.      6th Amdt: Speedy & Public Trial/Impartial Jury/Confront witness/Counsel
                                                              i.      The accused shall have the assistance of counsel for his defense
d.     8th Amdt: Cruel & Unusual Punishment/Excessive Bail
e.      Bill of Rights
                                                              i.      Incorporation – which, if any, apply to the states
1.     Passed for fear of a strong central government, intended for limitations on the federal government only.
2.     Baron v. Baltimore (1833) held Bill of rights only limited federal government.
                                                           ii.      14th Amendment
1.     Privileges and Immunities – doesn’t mean much
2.     Due Process
3.     Equal Protection
                                                         iii.      Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) 6th Amendment right to a criminal jury
1.     White Majority – Selective Incorporation Plus – is the right fundamental?
2.     Black Concurring – Total Incorporation
3.     Held that a jury trial was fundamental, incorporated. Today all of 6th amendment is incorporated.
a.      5th Amendment right to a grand jury indictment in criminal cases is not incorporated
                                                         iv.      Incorporation questions
1.     Whether a right is among those fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lies at the base of all our civil and political institutions
2.     Whether it is basic in our system of jurisprudence
3.     Whether it is a fundamental right, essential to fair trial
                                                            v.      Norms of the Criminal Process
1.     Accuracy
2.     Fairness
3.     Limited Government
4.     Efficiency
 
2.     The Fourth Amendment: An Overview
a.      Analysis
                                                              i.      Was there Government Action (Federal/State)?
                                                           ii.      Was there a Search or Seizure?
1.     Standing?
                                                         iii.      Was the Search or Seizure Reasonable?
1.     Executed with warrant?
a.      Supported by probable cause and particularity?
b.     If no probable cause or particularity, did the officers rely on the defective warrant in good faith?
c.      Was the warrant properly executed?
2.     Executed without warrant?
a.      Exigent Circumstances?
b.     Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest?
c.      Consent?
d.     Automobile?
e.      Plain View?
f.        Inventory Search?
g.      Special Needs?
h.     Terry Stop and Frisk?
                                                         iv.      If Search or Seizure was Unreasonable, should evidence be excluded?
1.     Exclusionary Rule
2.     Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine
 
b.     Text of 4th Amendment
                                                              i.      Search & Seizure: “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures”
                                                           ii.      Warrant Clause: “No warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause…”
 
c.      Reach of the 4th Amendment
                                                              i.      “People” that are being searched
1.     “People” : Not all-inclusive. Refers to a class of persons who are part of a national community or who have otherwise developed sufficient connection with this country to be considered part of that community.
2.     4 Categories of Individuals
a.      American citizens of foreign descent – 4th Amendment protection
b.     Foreign citizens lawfully in the U.S. – Part of National Community?
c.      Foreign citizens unlawfully in the U.S. – no cases or laws, an illegal alien likely wont bring attention to themselves if they believe their rights have been violated.
                                                                                                                                      i.      5th Circuit and 8th Circuit have held that foreign citizens unlawfully in U.S. do not have 2nd Amendment rights.
d.     Foreign citizens outside the U.S. – no 4th Amendment protection
e.      Amer citizen outside U.S. – not U.S. action than no, if U.S. action yes.
                                                           ii.      Persons doing the searching
1.     Has to be government/state action, if not then not a 4th Amendment issue
a.      Police
b.     Private citizens acting at the direction of the police
c.      Public school administrators – only need reasonable grounds to believe in order to search
2.     Does not reach private searches and seizures
 
d.     The Birth of the Exclusionary Rule
                                                              i.      At CL and for decades after the ratification of 4th Amendment, the only remedy was a tort suit for [physical] trespass.
                                                           ii.      Adams v. New York (1904) Testimony clearly competent as tending to establish the guilt of the accused of the offense charged may be retained by the government and used at trial. Courts didn’t inquire as to the means by which the evidence was obtained.
                                                         iii.      Weeks v. U.S. (1914) Evidence discovered by federal agent should be suppressed when search violates the 4th Amendment.
1.     No incorporation yet. Applied to federal agents not state.
                                                         iv.      Wolf v. Colorado (1949) The 4th Amendment is incorporated to the states, however the exclusionary rule is not. Remedy not an essential ingredient of the right. Most states at the time wouldn’t have suppressed the evidence.
                                                            v.      Rochin v. California (1952) Forced stomach pumping after unlawful entry of home. Violated due process, evidence of morphine was suppressed.
1.     Shocks the Conscience Test
                                                         vi.      Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
1.     Exclusionary rule now applies to the states. Better way to enforce the 4th Amendment. Had the right, but lacked the remedy. Deterrence, now no incentive to disregard the 4th Amendment. Essential part of the right to privacy, Change in state policies trending to apply exclusionary rule between Weeks and Mapp.
e.      Exclusionary Rule: All evidence obtained by searches and seizu