Criminal Procedure Outline

Criminal Procedure-Underlying Values and Goals

The Major Goal behind any legal system should be respect. With respect comes compliance and rule following.—Not necessarily catching people who break the rules.

The major reason why someone would respect a legal system would be if they thought it was fair.

Fairness can be established in two ways: Constant Tension

Brightline: all violations will be treated in the same manner with the consistent outcome so that we can be assured of accurate results- Puts faith in the rule.

Case by Case: violations are evaluated on as they come and allows for dispensation of justice based on circumstances to assure an accurate result-puts faith in the participants

Nature and Scope of the 14th Amendment

14th Amendment: No stat shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; no deny to no person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Did not totally incorporate the proceeding 13 amendments-they didn’t automatically apply to the states (Palko)

However, through Duncan v. Louisiana (6th right to jury trial, 4th Mapp v. Ohio (exclusionary), and 5th Malloy v. Hogan)-those amendments were incorporated under the directive of the 14th amendment thus providing an second chance for any alleged facial violation of the 4/5/6 to always have violated the due process clause of the 14th.

14th Amendment Paradigm: A tool to limit a police officer’s (the state’s) power.

1) It applies because its been incorporated

2) It applies substantively or procedurally

Substantively-the behavior shocks the conscience and offends sense of justice (objective standard for the Judge

Examples of how it applies: Bodily invasion

1) Rochin-Forced to throw-up because of suspected drug swallowing-evidence was used against him. Can’t be suppressed under 5th because the 5th amendment only applies to testimonial evidence according to (Anderson)

But under 14th, an arrest that shocks the conscience and offends a sense of justice can not stand

Irvine limits shock the conscience standard to situations involving coercision, violence or brutality

Breithaupt-body invasion okay-does not shock conscience because blood drawn was done by doctor and had become routine law enforcement strategy

Schmerber: (due process)-blood test was obtained based on pc and was reasonable one performed in reasonable manner (Also for later under a SIA, search for evidence presented an exigent circumstance because of dissipation of alcohol.

Procedurally-for confession cases-go to whether statements were voluntarily given and rights were voluntarily waived. For searches, goes to weather there was voluntary consent. (This will be a subjective measurement of suspect in the circumstance

Supervisory Powers- under McNabb, these powers only work in federal court because the court’s powers were enacted through legislation-not constitutionally based.-whereas with constitutional violations, the federal courts can overturn state court decisions.

If supervisory powers do not come into play-dealing with state law-then litigant must show standing:
1. Paynor- person must have an adversarial interest in the dispute (can’t sue about police confiscating your friend’s brief case.
2. Person’s interest must be based on a constitutional wrong (4/5/6-14th)
In Hastings-0nce C of A found harmless error (no 5th Amendment violation) in state case, can’t overturn because would be using supervisory powers for crim procedure in state case

Eg Case: Minn V. Carter- an overnight guest has the protection of the 4th (privacy) but someone who is just in host’s home with host’s permission does not have standing to challenge evidence obtained in a searched alleged to be illegal.

Arrest, Search and Seizure

4th Amendment: The right of people to be secure in the persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated AND no Warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be seached and the person or things to be seized

Main interests: 1) Liberty 2) Possessory 3) privacy

Definition of Probable Cause-generally-a reasonable basis for believing that a crime has been committed

Standard for Issuing a search Warrant: (Gates)-Probable Cause defined-given all the circumstances
MAPP

Reads in a right to privacy from the concept of ordered liberty

Says 14th Amendment incorporated Fourth Amendment to the states so the exclusionary rule-that is evidence obtained in violation of the 4th Amendment must be excluded.

Exclusionary rule-all evidence obtained in violation of the 4th Amendment can not be used in trial
Reasons
1) Deter police from illegally searching and seizing people-(police state of mind is relevant)
2) Judicial Integrity-back to valuing/respecting system as a whole-seen as “fair”

a) Leon-The Good Faith Exception-Mapp is a constitutional right-thus a state can follow it in every instance but there is now an exception that states can choose to alot to law enforcement-don’t have to exclude in the following circumstances

Implication: IF SC reviews a case where state doe